InstrEng Instrumentation Engineering

Interchangeable valve body & bonnet materials

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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Specified Material</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Alternative Material</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Notes</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A105 / A216 WCB / AISI 4140</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A105N<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A216 WCC</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A352 LCC / LCB</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A350 LF2</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Forged Carbon Steel<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Cast Carbon Steel</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Low Temperature CS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Low Temperature CS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">13% Chrome Stainless</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">AISI 410 SS<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F6 / F6NM</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A351 CF8M</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Type 316 SS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
17-4 PH</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F51</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
UNS S31803</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">13% Chrome<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
13% Chrome</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Austenitic Castings</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F316 / 316L</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
High strength grade</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Type 316 SS</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A351 CF8M<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Type 316 SS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F51</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
UNS S31803</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Austenitic Castings<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F316 / 316L</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Bronze</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Aluminium Bronze<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Nickel Aluminium Bronze</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Monel</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Nickel Aluminium Bronze</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Monel</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Duplex SS</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">ASTM A182 Gr F51 (UNS S31803)<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
ASTM A890 J92205</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/438-interchangeable-valve-body-bonnet-materials.html" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/438-interchangeable-valve-body-bonnet-materials.html</a></span><br />
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</div>

Interchangeable valve body & bonnet materials

Specified Material Alternative Material Notes A105 / A216 WCB / AISI 4140 A105N A216 WCC A352 LCC / LCB A350 LF2 Forged Carbon St...

Speed limiter or speed controller on shutdown valves

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">The term of speed limiter or speed controller on shutdown valves is referring to an adjustable flow control valves. This flow control valves usually also called as needle valves. The operating principle is the same with a globe control valves except it utilize its small plug to control the opening of its internal orifice.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">In most application the flow control valve is putted in the downstream of the solenoid valve right before the instrument air supply line to the actuator. With this configuration, if we want to slower the valve opening, we just need to adjust this flow control valves so that the flow of instrument air supply to the actuator is slow. Otherwise, if we want to make the opening or closing of the valve faster, we just need to adjust this flow control valves so that the flow of instrument air supply is faster.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">In most application, this flow control valves is already equipped with an integral check valves. This check valves will makes the flow in opposite direction of the needle valve flow faster than goes through the needle valves. By using this integral check valves, the instrument air venting from the actuator will be faster. In other words, when the solenoid valve energized, the instrument air supply will be controlled by the needle valve to the actuator. But when the solenoid valve de-energized, the instrument air from the actuator will be vented through the check valve instead of through the needle valve again (see below picture).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/436-speed-limiter-speed-controller-shutdown-valves.html" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/436-speed-limiter-speed-controller-shutdown-valves.html</a></span>

Speed limiter or speed controller on shutdown valves

The term of speed limiter or speed controller on shutdown valves is referring to an adjustable flow control valves. This flow control valves...

Typical Ball Valve Material Selection

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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 578px;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Typical Ball Valve Material Selection<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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 </tr>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Material Type<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Body<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Ball<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Stem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Seat Ring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Seat Insert<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Usage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Carbon Steel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ASTM A352 gr. LCC (Low Temp CS), A-216
  WCB, A-216 WCC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sour-Hydrocarbons, Glycol, Produced
  water, Amines, Closed Drain, Wash Water, Fresh Water, Potable Water,
  Instrument Air, Utility Air, Nitrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Stainless Steel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">316 S.S<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Lube Oil, Seal Oil, LNG (Cryogenic
  Services)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Incoloy or Inconel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS N08825 or A-350 LF2, A-216 WCB
  with UNS N06625 Overlay<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS N06625 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS N07718 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS N06625 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Corrosive Wet-Sour Hydrocarbons,
  Produced Water, Closed Drains<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Bronze<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BRONZE (UNS C95800)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BRONZE (UNS C95800)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BRONZE (UNS C95800)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">BRONZE (UNS C95800)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Open Drains, Deck Drains, Sea Water,
  Firewater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Duplex & Super Duplex<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ASTM A890 GR. 4A  (UNS J92205)
  (Duplex~22% Cr), ASTM A182 GR. F53 (UNS S32750) or F55 (UNS S32760) (Super
  Duplex~25% Cr)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ASTM A182- F51, F53, F55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ASTM A276 UNS S31803, S32750, S32760<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ASTM A182- F51, F53, F55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sour & Corrosive Hydrocarbon, Sea
  Water<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
<tr>
  <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 51.75pt;" width="69"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6 Moly SS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 75.0pt;" width="100"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS S31254 (6 Moly Stainless Steel)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS S31254<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS S31254<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 54.0pt;" width="72"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">UNS S31254<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 66.75pt;" width="89"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Manufacture Standard (Note 4 & 5)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
  <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 77.25pt;" width="103"><div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Sour & Corrosive Open Drains, Deck
  Drains, Sea Water, Firewater <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
 </tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Notes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 15.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">1. Piping class shall be used as a reference to select ball
valve material with its related pressure and temperature ratings. The above
ball valves material selection is for information and indicative only.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">2. All material that will be used in sour or corrosive
application shall follow the limitation stated in the NACE MR 0175 standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">3. The usage of 316 SS, duplex, and its families shall take into
account a chloride content of the service fluid since these materials is having
a strict limitation to use under such conditions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">4. Seat insert material shall be selected as per valve
manufacturer recommendation based on service temperature, pressure, and fluid
compatibility.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">5. Metal seated ball valves (ball valve with metal seat ring
only without seat insert) is recommended for dirty fluid application such as
multiphase well fluid, crude oil, etc or any application that the seat insert
material can’t be used anymore due to very abrasives or high temperature
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #323232; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">6. Cast and forged material are interchangeable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; line-height: 15pt; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">4. Seat insert material shall be selected as per valve manufacturer recommendation based on service temperature, pressure, and fluid compatibility.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Read more: </span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a href="http://www.instreng.com/typical-ball-valve-material-selection/">http://www.instreng.com/typical-ball-valve-material-selection/</a></span></span></div>
</div>

Typical Ball Valve Material Selection

Typical Ball Valve Material Selection Material Type Body Ball Stem Seat Ring Seat Insert Usage...

Operating Principle of Displacer Level Sensors

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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Displacer level sensors use Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously measuring the weight of a displacer rod immersed in the process liquid. The displacer is cylindrical in shape with a constant cross-sectional area and made long or short as required. Standard heights range from 14 inches to 120 inches. As liquid level increases, the displacer rod experiences a greater buoyant force, making it appear lighter to the sensing instrument, which interprets the loss of weight as an increase in level and transmits a proportional output signal. As liquid level decreases, the buoyant force on the displacer rod decreases with a corresponding weight increase which is interpreted as decreasing level by the level sensor which then give a corresponding signal output.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Shown below is a typical displacer level sensor installation:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWyq5o9YYtgkBShspKc_h51bUhGNnI3FTIshSzkyLtfDRrwqhZIZoCcLsnIURJrOAffeAPiAwI_v9jQAYqS2kOZKbqtslJoYqLZyDTVT2IiQRsY3X50tngWbSPSFTgKvyjNLZ6NV5Qa0/s1600/Displaccer+Type+Level+Sensor.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGWyq5o9YYtgkBShspKc_h51bUhGNnI3FTIshSzkyLtfDRrwqhZIZoCcLsnIURJrOAffeAPiAwI_v9jQAYqS2kOZKbqtslJoYqLZyDTVT2IiQRsY3X50tngWbSPSFTgKvyjNLZ6NV5Qa0/s320/Displaccer+Type+Level+Sensor.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Although the basic theory of operation has been outlined above, in a practical displacer level sensor, the construction is engineered to achieve the desired measurement objective with sophisticated electronic circuitry. In these types of displacer level sensors, the displacer is attached to a spring which restricts its movement for each increment of buoyancy (i.e. level change). A transmitter incorporating a </span><a href="http://www.instreng.com/community/threads/linear-variable-differential-transformer-lvdt.384/" style="color: #417394; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT)</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"> is used to track the rise and fall of the displacer rod as liquid level changes. Sophisticated electronics is then used to process the voltage signal from the LDVT into a 4-20mA output signal</span></div>
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<b style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Archimedes’ Principle Applied to the Displacer </b><br />
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<b><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">According to Archimedes’ Principle, the buoyant force on an immersed object is always equal to the weight of the fluid volume displaced by the object.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Suppose in a displacer level sensor, we have a cylindrical displacer rod with density, ρ, radius, r, length, L, and process fluid of density, У. In this installation, the length of the displacer rod is proportional to the liquid level being measured:</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Volume of displacer rod, V=πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">L</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">shown in the diagram for the displacer level sensor installation above, when the vessel is full, the displacer rod is completely immersed in the process fluid hence the volume of process fluid displaced is V=πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">L. When the level of the vessel is empty or minimum, volume of process fluid displaced is V = 0</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Hence:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">When vessel is full, buoyant force on displacer rod is given by:</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Buoyant Force = weight of process fluid displaced </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">= πr2LУg (g = acceleration due to gravity)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Real weight of displacer = πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Lρg</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Net weight of displacer sensed by the LVDT, transmitter and associated electronics when vessel is full is:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">= πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Lρg−πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">LУg=πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Lg(ρ–У)=Vg(ρ–У)</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">As can be seen above, the net weight sensed by the LVDT is proportional to the difference in density of the displacer rod (ρ) and that of the process fluid (У)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Therefore, the displacer rod must have a higher specific gravity than that of the liquid level being measured and have to be calibrated for the specific gravity of the liquid. Typical specific gravity range for liquids where the displacer level sensor is applied is in the range of 0.25 to 1.5. Another point worth mentioning is that the range of the displacer level instrument is dependent only upon the length (L) of the displacer rod specified for the given application.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">When vessel is empty or level is minimum,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Buoyant force on displacer = 0</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Hence, weight sensed by the LVDT is =πr</span><sup style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Lρg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">The LVDT registers a voltage signal at minimum vessel level and outputs a corresponding signal. The displacer length is determined by the operating range (span) specified, the specific gravity, pressure, and temperature of the process fluid. The diameter and weight are factory calculated to ensure correct operation and providing accurate 4-20mA output.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Areas of Application</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">The displacer level sensor is used in level measurement applications such as knock- out pots, condensate drums, separators, flash vessels, storage vessels and receiver tanks.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /><br />Read more:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/goog_120856098"> </a></span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><a href="http://www.instreng.com/community/threads/operating-principle-of-displacer-level-sensors.429/">http://www.instreng.com/community/threads/operating-principle-of-displacer-level-sensors.429/</a></span></span></div>

Operating Principle of Displacer Level Sensors

Displacer level sensors use Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously measuring the weight of a displacer rod immersed i...

High integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS)

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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">A High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) is a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) designed to prevent an unsafe condition caused by pressure arising (e.g. due to separator outlet blocked in the choke valve downstream, blocked pipeline, etc). </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">The decision to utilize a HIPPS in addition of utilize a PSV shall be based on the study of risk. The aim of this study is to determine a certain SIL requirement. </span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">This study will conclude whether some process condition need to have a HIPPS or its ok to protect it by a PSV valve only.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">A High Integrity Pressure Protection System typically is a complete functional loop consisting of:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">- The initiators which detect the high pressure.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">- A Logic Solver, which processes the input from the initiators and transmits an output to the final elements.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">- The Final Elements, which consists of a valve actuated by solenoids.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">In general, the HIPPS required a minimum SIL 3 certification for a complete loop above (sensor, logic solver, and final element). Therefore the HIPPS architecture of the initiators, logic solver, and final elements shall be determined by using a SIL calculation. But in typical the architecture of the HIPPS will consist of 3 pressure transmitter, redundant logic solver, and 2 shutdown valve to achieve SIL 3 requirement. See VOTING LOGIC for more detail information about loop architecture selection to achieve certain SIL requirement.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Another unique design of the HIPPS valve is the closing time of the valve that must be as fast as possible. In general application the HIPPS valve closure time requirement is calculated and simulated by using a dynamic simulation. The aim of the fast closure time in the HIPPS valve is to protect the downstream of the valve from a very high pressure condition that can happen in a very fast time.</span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">As an example and illustration, let’s say we have a separator downstream of the production manifold that needs to be protected from a high pressure due to separator outlet blocked. The separator design pressure is 800 psig, and the pressure downstream of the choke valve through the production manifold can be as higher as 1500 psig. With this condition and known flow rate to separator, the pressure arising time can be calculated. If the normal operating pressure of the separator is 600 psig, then time pressure arising from 600 psig to 800 psig must be calculated. Lets say, after some calculation the time needed by the separator to arise it pressure from 600 psig to 800 psig is 4 second, then this 4 second will be the minimum closing time of the HIPPS valve. If the closing time of the HIPPS valve is more than 4 second, the pressure inside the separator will arise more than its design pressure when the outlet is blocked and will endanger the platform (event though there will always be a PSV installed in the separator).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/high-integrity-pressure-protection-system-hipps/" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.instreng.com/high-integrity-pressure-protection-system-hipps/</a></span></div>

High integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS)

A High Integrity Pressure Protection System (HIPPS) is a Safety Instrumented System (SIS) designed to prevent an unsafe condition caused by...

Control valve flow direction

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Control valve flow direction has a relationship with a failure action, High Delta Pressure, Cavitation, and % opening of the valve. There are 2 type of control valve flow direction: Flow to Open (FTO, or Tending to Open), Flow to Close (FTC, or Tending to Close).</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Flow to Open valve means the fluid flow go through and facing the plug directly, where Flow to Close valve means the fluid flow go through over the plug. Flow to Open or Flow to Close flow direction of control valve have a relationship with the failure action of a valve. This failure action means failure when the actuator is considered not present (not a failure just because of signal loss or instrument air lost). If we use a Flow to Open valve, when we lost the actuator, the fluid flow that go through the valve will make the plug open in the globe valve type. If we use Flow to Close valve, when we lost the actuator, the fluid flow that go through the valve will make the plug close in the globe valve type.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Flow direction in relationship with high delta pressure could make a valve fail to operate properly in Flow to Close type. When we use a Flow to Close valve in a high delta pressure application, it could make a valve seat damaged due to over thrust. When we use a Flow to Open valve in a high delta pressure application, it will make a plug tend to open against the actuator thrust.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Some of the valve manufacturer used a Flow to Close valve to reduce the cavitation for liquid application. Some of them also recommend using a Flow to Open valve to expand the gas flow and reduce the power in gas application. The used of the Flow to Close or Flow to Open for such application shall be consult with the respective manufacturer. One important thing that must be considered if use the Flow to Close valves is the % opening of the valve that must be in adequate higher than 20% opening to avoid a hydraulic hammer that can occur if the plug operates very close to the seat.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">As general practice, use flow direction Flow to Open as a default valve type, because this type have less than problem rather than flow direction Flow to Close.</span><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" /><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Also, we assume that there are no cavitating occure as a preliminary. Detail design shall be as per Vendor calculation of the flow condition in the valve (cavitation, flashing etc). Usually vendor will recommend using Flow to Close valve when the fluid flow is cavitating, high noise etc. If the application is an angle valve (usually used in high delta pressure), it is more recommend to use a flow to close valve since it will close when any actuator component fail and also could reduce the valve cavitation and noise.</span><br />
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Control valve flow direction

Control valve flow direction has a relationship with a failure action, High Delta Pressure, Cavitation, and % opening of the valve. There ar...

Coriolis flow meter uncertainty (inaccuracy)

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In general, the coriolis flow meter manufacturer is stating their accuracy as a total of their base accuracy, zero stability, operating pressure effect, etc. We must carefully calculate their ‘true’ or total accuracy based on information given in their catalogue rather than just use base accuracy as their accuracy. The accuracy words itself is also ambiguously used by the manufacturer to present their equipment inaccuracy or uncertainty. Thus from now on we will call the accuracy as uncertainty.<span id="more-1096"></span></div>
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How to calculate coriolis flow meter uncertainty?</div>
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Basically we can express the total uncertainty of the equipment from its individual component uncertainty as below:</div>
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Ux = ((c1*Ux1)^2 + (c2*Ux2)^2 + … + (cn*Uxn)^2)^0.5</div>
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Where cn is a sensitivity coefficient and Uxn is a standard uncertainty of its individual component and Ux is a total standard uncertainty.</div>
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Let’s take an example of how to calculate the coriolis flow meter uncertainty (inaccuracy) as below.</div>
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Coriolis Flow Meter Maximum Flow (liquid application) = 3200 lb/min</div>
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Calibration Pressure = 30 psig</div>
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Calibration Temperature = 25 C</div>
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Process Operating Temperature = 41.67 C</div>
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Process Operating Pressure = 250 psig</div>
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The uncertainty statement from vendor catalogue:</div>
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Base accuracy = 0.1% of flow rate</div>
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Zero stability = 0.08 lb/min</div>
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Operating temperature effect = 0.0005% of the max flow rate per 1°C</div>
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Operating pressure effect = 0.0008% of the flow rate per psi</div>
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Then we can get the coriolis flow meter uncertainty budget for the maximum flow as below:</div>
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Total Standard Uncertainty = (total (c*u)^2)^0.5 = 0.101%</div>
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Total Expanded Uncertainty (95% confidence) = 2*standard uncertainty = 0.202% of mass flow rate.</div>
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By using the same method as above maximum flow, we can get also the uncertainty budget for the 0.8 flow, 0.6 flow, etc down to 0.01 flow. The uncertainty of the coriolis flow meter will be as per below graph.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72Ct2MYmKPgAbZ6kmgWxuQB4bDlSDSSJ8T_HPN5miogdPtoBb0K7ejUV9YV7XXJNiCug5ln68jxjcgSa1nYz1DhP99q79YpM6WB5oYJXaCFjFZeAJYbzjxvNntGhFqT9mxlaU_zmhaNM/s1600/Coriolis-Flow-Meter-Uncertainty.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj72Ct2MYmKPgAbZ6kmgWxuQB4bDlSDSSJ8T_HPN5miogdPtoBb0K7ejUV9YV7XXJNiCug5ln68jxjcgSa1nYz1DhP99q79YpM6WB5oYJXaCFjFZeAJYbzjxvNntGhFqT9mxlaU_zmhaNM/s400/Coriolis-Flow-Meter-Uncertainty.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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From the above graph,  in general the coriolis flow meter uncertainty is also depends on the pressure and temperature difference with its calibration conditions. Thus the instrument engineer should consider to have an insitu zeroing to eliminate these effects.</div>
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As a conclusion, in general applications the coriolis flow meter may be used for liquid application that require flow measurement uncertainty up to 0.3% of mass flow rate in the 1:20 turndown ratio, 0.5% of mass flow rate in the 1:50 turndown ratio, and 1% of mass flow rate in the 1:100 turndown ratio. Coriolis flow meter also can be used for gas application that require flow measurement uncertainty up to 1% of mass flow rate in the 1:10 turndown ratio, and 2% of mass flow rate in the 1:20 turndown ratio (see note 5, the uncertainty budget has been done but didn’t shown up in this article for simplicity).</div>
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Notes:</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">The individual expanded uncertainty is calculated from the formula given by the vendor above. For example, from the above data the expanded uncertainty of the operating temperature effect will be 0.0005% *3200 lb/min*(41.67-25) = 0.267 lb/min or in term of flow rate it will be 0.267/3200 % = 0.01%.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">The standard uncertainty is the expanded uncertainty divided by 3 if the confidence level is 99% and divided by 2 if the confidence level is 95%. If the vendor didn’t state clearly their confidence level then we can consider as 95% confidence level for most application.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">The sensitivity coefficient is considered as 1 since there is no any statement from the vendor regarding the sensitivity coefficient of its individual contributor of uncertainty. This assumption is correct for most coriolis flow meter except the vendor state its sensitivity coefficient.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">The vendor information regarding their accuracy may be different from what was calculated here as this is just an example and typical one. One should consider all conditions that may be included in vendor information but didn’t include in this calculation.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">From the vendor catalogue, it is stated that the coriolis flow meter uncertainty is bigger in the gas applications since gas is having less      density rather than liquid. Gas flow will have a higher fluid velocity rather than liquid flow for the same mass flow rate.</li>
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References and reading:</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Measurement of fluid flow – procedure for the evaluation of uncertainties, ISO 5168 2005.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;"><a href="http://www.instreng.com/engineering-books/305-%5Bisa%5Dinstrument-engineers-handbook-4th-edition-vol-1-process-measurement-analysis.html">Instrument Engineer Handbook Volume 1, Process Measurement and Analysis. By Bela G. Liptak (Editor).</a></li>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Read more:</span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"> </span><a href="http://www.instreng.com/control-systems/398-coriolis-flow-meter-uncertainty-inaccuracy.html#ixzz2NcTerqPl" style="color: #003399; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/control-systems/398-coriolis-flow-meter-uncertainty-inaccuracy.html</a></div>
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Coriolis flow meter uncertainty (inaccuracy)

In general, the coriolis flow meter manufacturer is stating their accuracy as a total of their base accuracy, zero stability, operating pr...

HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR SIZING FOR WELLHEAD CONTROL PANEL HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT (HPU)

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In the wellhead control panel there is a Hydraulic Power Unit (HPU) that utilize hydraulic reservoir, hydraulic pumps, and accumulator as it components. To make the hydraulic demand from SCSSV (Surface Controlled Sub sea Safety Valves) or SSV (Surface Safety Valves) is achievable, the downstream of the hydraulic pump (hydraulic header) is equipped with an accumulator. It helps the hydraulic pump to supply the hydraulic demand quickly (See<a href="http://instreng.blogspot.com/2013/03/introduction-to-wellhead-control-panel.html"> <em><span style="color: #886353;">Introduction to Wellhead Control Panel</span></em></a>). Since the accumulator plays a vital role as a hydraulic pressure storage (or energy storage), careful sizing and calculation must be done so that the well operation requirement is achieved. So actually what is the hydraulic accumulator and how to calculate the quantity required?<span id="more-613"></span></div>
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Hydraulic accumulator is an energy storage device that has gas section and hydraulic oil section. At initial conditions the gas section shall be pre-charged with some gases (usually dry nitrogen) at some pressure. When the hydraulic oil pumped into the accumulator, the hydraulic oil pressure will press the gas section (gas is compressible while liquid isn’t compressible) into certain volume and certain pressure. If there is a hydraulic demand, then the accumulator will release the hydraulic oil and makes the gas section expanded. See below drawing for accumulator working principle illustration.</div>
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Pre-Charge Conditions:</div>
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P1 = 0.9 P3           for Bladder accumulators (90% of minimum system pressure to prevent bladder damage)</div>
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P1 = P3  for Piston accumulators</div>
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Charged Conditions:</div>
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P3 =        Minimum system operating pressure</div>
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P2 =        Maximum system operating pressure</div>
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As per above description, the goal of the sizing is to find the effective volume of the accumulator V1. To avoid any deficiency due to something that we don’t know (un-accurate valve actuator swept volume etc) we need to put some margin (lets say 10% of V1) so the accumulator volume will be 1.1 x V1.</div>
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The filling or compression process by the hydraulic pump (from P1 to P2) can be considered as isothermal process since there is no temperature change after compression. While the expansion process (from P2 to P3) can be considered as adiabatic process since the expansion process is fast due to the usage in the valve actuator. This fast expansion will make the change in heat doesn’t have sufficient time to transferred outside the accumulator. From this assumption, we can develop the following equation to calculate the required effective volume V1 of the accumulator.</div>
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Where:</div>
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P1 = 0.9 P3           for Bladder accumulators (90% of minimum system pressure to prevent bladder damage)</div>
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P1 = P3  for Piston accumulators</div>
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P2 =        Maximum system operating pressure</div>
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P3 =        Minimum system operating pressure</div>
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V1 = Effective gas volume of the accumulator</div>
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V2 = Maximum gas volume compressed by the hydraulic oil</div>
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V3 = Expanded volume of gas at the minimum pressure required (P2)</div>
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V<sub>HYD </sub>= Amount of oil to be supplied to valve actuator (swept volume of hydraulic valve actuator)</div>
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n = ratio of specific heat or CP/CV = 1.4 for nitrogen</div>
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<strong>Example</strong>:</div>
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The following data was provided by the x-mast tree vendor:</div>
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-          10 well were drilled and supplied complete with SCSSV, Master, and Wing Valve.</div>
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-          Operating supply pressure to control line of SCSSV actuator is 4500 – 5500 psi</div>
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-          Operating supply pressure to control line of Master & Wing Valve actuators is 2500 – 3500 psi</div>
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-          The control line fluid to SCSSV, Master, and Wing Valve actuator is Shell Tellus 32 Hydraulic Oil</div>
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-          Swept volume of SCSSV is 0.05 ltr, Master & Wing valve is 2.5 ltr.</div>
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As per data above, we will have two hydraulic header, one for high pressure (4500 – 5500 psi operating pressure) and one for medium pressure (2500 – 3500 psi operating pressure). Each header will have its own accumulator to storage the hydraulic pressure so that all valves can be opened twice (this twice opening cycle usually comes from project specification, may be differ on each project) without the present of the hydraulic pump. The selected accumulator type is bladder type.</div>
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<strong>Accumulator for High Pressure Header</strong></div>
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P1 = 0.9 * P3 = 4050 psi</div>
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P2 =        5500 psi</div>
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P3 =        4500 psi</div>
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V<sub>HYD</sub> = 0.05 ltr x 10 SCSSV x 2 opening cycle = 1 Ltr</div>
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Then we can get V1 (accumulator gas effective volume) as follow:</div>
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V1 = 5500 * (1*(4500/5500)^(1/1.4))/(4050*(1-(4500/5500)^(1/1.4)))</div>
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V1 = 8.81 Ltr</div>
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By putting 10% margin the V1 will become</div>
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V1 = 1.1 x 8.81 Ltr = 9.69 Ltr</div>
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By looking at the bladder accumulator vendor catalogue, we can conclude that we need two bladder type accumulators with the following data:</div>
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Nominal Capacity = 10 Ltr</div>
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Effective Gas Volume = 9.4 Ltr</div>
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With this design, we will have almost twice of the effective gas volume surplus. This is good design.</div>
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<strong>Accumulator for Medium Pressure Header</strong></div>
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P1 = 0.9 * P3 = 2250 psi</div>
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P2 =        3500 psi</div>
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P3 =        2500 psi</div>
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V<sub>HYD</sub> = 2.5 ltr x 10 Master Valve x 10 Wing Valve x 2 opening cycle = 100 Ltr</div>
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Then we can get V1 (accumulator gas effective volume) as follow:</div>
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V1 = 3500 * (100*(2500/3500)^(1/1.4))/(2250*(1-(2500/3500)^(1/1.4)))</div>
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V1 = 572.6 Ltr</div>
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By putting 10% margin the V1 will become</div>
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V1 = 1.1 x 572.6 Ltr = 629.8 Ltr</div>
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By looking at the bladder accumulator vendor catalogue, we can conclude that we need 13 bladder type accumulators with the following data:</div>
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Nominal Capacity = 54 Ltr</div>
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Effective Gas Volume = 49.2 Ltr</div>
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With this design, we will have the following surplus of the gas effective volume:</div>
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49.2 Ltr x 13 = 9.77 Ltr<br />
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HYDRAULIC ACCUMULATOR SIZING FOR WELLHEAD CONTROL PANEL HYDRAULIC POWER UNIT (HPU)

In the wellhead control panel there is a Hydraulic Power Unit (HPU) that utilize hydraulic reservoir, hydraulic pumps, and accumulator as...

INTRODUCTION TO WELLHEAD CONTROL PANEL (WHCP)

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It is very common in the oil & gas plant to control its oil or gas well through a wellhead control panel (usually called WHCP). Each well is always equipped with a SCSSV (Surface Controlled Sub-surface Safety Valves) or usually it is called as down hole valve (DHV) and a SSV (Surface Safety Valves) which is consist of a Master Valves (MV) and Wing Valves (WV). SCSSV in most application is an on-off valve with hydraulic actuators. While SSV can be driven by hydraulic actuator or pneumatic actuator depends on the pressure rating. It is also a need to open or close SCSSV and SSV in sequence and accommodate an Emergency Shutdown signal from the systems. So what are WHCP and its essential component? This article tries to explain the WHCP systems in general application and how it works.<span id="more-400"></span></div>
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See the general overview of WHCP systems at the end of this article as a general guidance. WHCP systems usually consist of hydraulic reservoir, strainer, hydraulic pumps, accumulator, wellhead control module, and hydraulic line which are supply and return to wellhead control module. Any other parts except wellhead control module are classified into basic cabinet. Each control module is built up dedicated for one well only. Therefore if there are 5 well in a wellhead platform, then there will be 1 basic cabinet and 5 wellhead control module needed.</div>
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First part of WHCP is a hydraulic reservoir. This reservoir contains hydraulic fluid in sufficient quantity to operate each wellhead. The size of reservoir is determine through an estimation of hydraulic fluid needed to operate each actuator, possible leakage, distance from the well, and an additional safety factor. Usually the hydraulic reservoir is an atmospheric tank with a flame arrestor venting.</div>
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To build up a hydraulic header (high or medium pressure) the WHCP utilize a hydraulic pump. In general the SCSSV will operate at high pressure rating and SSV will operate at medium pressure rating. Thus there will be two hydraulic headers at WHCP with its own hydraulic pump. The hydraulic pump can be pneumatic driven or electric driven depends on criticality and operation area. All hydraulic pump suction will have a strainer to filter the hydraulic fluid from any particulate so that the hydraulic fluid goes to SCSSV or SSV is clean. To make the hydraulic demand from SCSSV or SSV achievable, the downstream of the hydraulic pump (hydraulic header) is equipped with an accumulator. It helps the hydraulic pump to supply quickly the hydraulic demand. This arrangement (reservoir, hydraulic pumps, and accumulator) usually is called as a hydraulic power pack or a hydraulic power unit.</div>
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After the hydraulic fluid accumulated at the hydraulic header (both high pressure and medium pressure) then it’s ready to supply each wellhead control module. Usually the line from hydraulic header to wellhead control module is called a hydraulic supply lines. At this wellhead control module, the sequence and logic to operate the SCSSV and SSV is built up.  The ESD signal mainly also goes to this module. When it needs to open the SCSSV and SSV, it supplies the high pressure or medium pressure hydraulic fluid to the SCSSV and SSV. In case there is a need to close it down, the hydraulic fluid supply will close and the hydraulic fluid will goes to a  hydraulic return line through a three way valves selector. This hydraulic return line will goes to the hydraulic reservoir again.</div>
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From this general explanation we can conclude that the wellhead control panel (WHCP) is a hydraulic system that utilizes a hydraulic power pack and a wellhead control module to perform its task. The output of WHCP is high pressure hydraulic supply and medium hydraulic supply to operate SCSSV and SSV. Wellhead control panel is also the interface between the plant control and safety system with the SCSSV and SSV systems.</div>
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Source: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/community/threads/introduction-to-wellhead-control-panel-whcp.396/">http://www.instreng.com/community/threads/introduction-to-wellhead-control-panel-whcp.396/</a></div>
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INTRODUCTION TO WELLHEAD CONTROL PANEL (WHCP)

It is very common in the oil & gas plant to control its oil or gas well through a wellhead control panel (usually called WHCP). Each ...