InstrEng Instrumentation Engineering

Over pressure cases for Pressure Relief Valve Sizing

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Separator vessels, storage tanks, heat exchangers, columns and certain piping segments etc. are designed to handle certain operating pressure. However combination of a variety of causes may lead to over pressure in these equipments which may exceed the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) value. Pressure Relief valves (PRV) are used to relieve the pressure in these equipments before it can cross the maximum allowable working pressure, thus protecting the equipment from damage. The pressure relief valve set point should be such that relief valve will open before the maximum allowable accumulated pressure (MAWP) is reached in the vessel. For this purpose usually a hydraulic calculation should be done for PRV discharge line to determine the back pressure at the relief valve, which on addition to the pressure drop across pressure relief valve gives the pressure accumulation the equipment.</div>
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The PRV size is based on a minimum relieving flowrate which can prevent the build up of pressure in the protected equipment from exceeding the MAWP limit. For several possible causes of over pressure in the vessel, relieving flowrates are calculated and the maximum of these flowrates is selected for PRV sizing. The over pressure cause corresponding to this flowrate is then known to be the governing case for pressure relief valve sizing. Some common causes of over pressure which are considered for pressure relief valve sizing are described in this article.</div>
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Blocked discharge case</h3>
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This case refers to closure of a valve on the outlet of equipment (vessel, heat exchanger etc). If the fluid still continues to flow into the equipment, absence of an outlet for this fluid results in fluid accumulation and build-up of pressure. This pressure build-up can go as high as the design pressure of upstream pumps or compressors combined with the height of the liquid column upstream. The normal inlet flow in this case in this case should be considered as the minimum relieving flowrate. EnggCyclopedia’s PRV sizing calculator for blocked liquid discharge and for blocked gas discharge can be used to design a pressure relief valve for these scenarios.</div>
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Inadvertent opening of upstream valves</h3>
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Inadvertent opening of valves located at high pressure sources upstream to the protected equipment can result in over pressure in the equipment. This flow can drive the equipment pressure upto design pressure of the upstream high pressure source. The extra flow coming as a result of valve opening should be relieved in this case to protect the equipment.</div>
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Utility failure</h3>
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Failure of utilities such as electricity, instrument air, steam, fuel, cooling water etc. can result in over pressure in related equipments. When analyzing the possibility of over pressure in equipment, possibility of utility failure should be carefully considered. For instance, electricity (for air cooler fans or cooling water circulation pumps) or cooling water failure may result in failure of heat exchangers to meet the duty. Resulting rise in process temperature can cause over pressure in the protected equipment.</div>
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Partial failure</h3>
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In case one source of utility fails but another independent source is still available in parallel to bear complete or part of the extra load caused by partial utility failure, the partially available utility can be considered to evaluate possible over pressure in the protected equipment. Thus, independently available utility alternatives can lower the risk of possible over pressure and should be given consideration at the design stage.</div>
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Heat exchanger tube rupture</h3>
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The tubes in a heat exchanger are prone to failure due to variety of reasons such as corrosion, vibration, thermal shock etc. In such a case flow of fluid from high pressure side of the exchanger to low pressure side causes overpressure on the low pressure side of the exchanger. In this case, the ability of the low pressure side to absorb this overpressure has to be examined and requirement of a relief valve has to be reviewed.</div>
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Fire case</h3>
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Equipment exposed to plant fire has a risk of overpressure in case of fire, resulting from fluid expansion or vaporisation. EnggCyclopedia’s PRV sizing calculator for liquid filled vessel and for gas filled vessel can be used in this case for design of the PRV.</div>
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Transient pressure surge</h3>
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Possibility of ‘water hammer’ in a liquid filled system has to be carefully evaluated, since a  pressure relief valve is usually not able to protect equipment against ‘water hammer’ where pressure can rise to many multiples of operating pressure in matter of milliseconds. PRV takes much longer time to respond to such overpressure creating possibility of equipment damage. Pulsation dampener has to be used in this case as a protection measure. In case of systems filled with gases, ‘steam hammer’ can occur similar to the water hammer.</div>
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Process change / Reaction change</h3>
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In some cases, a significant change in operating process parameters (such as temperature of a cryogenic fluid) can change making the equipment susceptible to damage (temperature of equipment drops below minimum design metal temperature or MDMT). For reacting systems, reactions can shift equilibrium resulting in excess gas or excess heat thus causing over pressure. These possibilities have to be carefully examined for designing the relief valves.<br />
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Over pressure cases for Pressure Relief Valve Sizing

Separator vessels, storage tanks, heat exchangers, columns and certain piping segments etc. are designed to handle certain operating press...

How to Select a Pressure Gauge

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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">Mechanical pressure gauges, which require no external power, provide an affordable and reliable source of accurate pressure measurement. The need to select the right pressure gauge requires that the device be accurately specified otherwise numerous problems might surface in the course of using a wrongly selected gauge. The factors discussed here are by no means exhaustive but they are the main things that will assist you to select the right type of pressure gauge. For the right specification and selection process, consult the manufacturer of the particular gauge you intend to use.</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';"><br /></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">Pressure gauges should be selected by considering the factors below to prevent misapplication. Improper application can be detrimental to the gauge, causing failure and possible personal injury or property damage.</span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS';">To select the right pressure gauge for your application, the following factors should be considered:</span></span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Gauge Accuracy</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Pressure gauge accuracy ranges from grade 4A to D according to ASME 40.1. For a mechanical pressure gauge, accuracy is defined either as a percentage of the full-scale range or a percent of the span. As the accuracy increases, so does the price of the gauge. Therefore, the application where the gauge is required should be carefully considered before deciding on the accuracy of the gauge. While requirements differ from one industry to another, the following are general guidelines:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Test Gauges and Standards: 0.25% through 0.10% full scale accuracies.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Critical Processes: 0.5% full scale accuracy.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• General Industrial Processes: 1.0% accuracy. Less Critical Commercial Uses: 2.0% accuracy.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Gauge Dial</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">The dials of pressure gauges come in various sizes. They range from “1.5 to 16” diameters. Generally, the ease with which the gauge could be read, space limitations and accuracy requirements determines the dial size. Larger dial size pressure gauges are required in areas of a plant that are not accessible while smaller sizes are may be required for areas that are easily accessible. The need for higher accuracy in an application may require that a pressure gauge of considerable dial size be used in a given location so as to enable the easy display of small pressure increments.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">The Environment</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Environmental factors to consider when selecting a pressure gauge include: ambient temperature, air-borne particulate, condensation, humidity, water and chemicals, all of which can affect gauge performance.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Ambient temperature affects the accuracy and integrity of the gauge. Gauges are available either as temperature compensated or non-temperature compensated. Ambient conditions may require that the gauge be isolated from temperature extremes. When required, the gauge should be isolated from temperature extremes with a flexible line assembly.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">When ambient conditions are corrosive, contain a large number of particulate or if the gauge will be exposed to a wet or humid environment like humidity, wash-downs or rain, specify a gauge that is weatherproof/hermetically sealed or liquid filled.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Process Media/Wetted Parts</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Proper selection of the pressure sensor material of the pressure gauge is dependent on the process fluid to which the gauge will be subjected. The material of the pressure gauge sensor should be compatible with the process fluid such that corrosion will not occur. If the correct material is not available and the process fluid is corrosive, the use of a diaphragm seal may be necessary to protect the gauge pressure sensor from the process fluid.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Connection Size</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Pressure Gauges are available with a variety of connections including NPT, DIN, JIS, BSP & SAE. Process pressure gauges with 41⁄2˝ dial sizes or larger are most often supplied with a 1⁄2˝ NPT connection to best support the gauge. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">The main factors to consider when selecting a pressure gauge connection include</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">process pressures, gauge size and weight, space limitations, leak integrity, and of course past experience.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Connection Location</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">When selecting a pressure gauge, the following mounting options should be considered:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Direct stem mount lower connect,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Remote wall/surface mount lower connect,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Panel surface mount back connect,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Panel hole U-clamp flush mount back connect,</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">• Panel hole front flange flush mount back connect</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Select the option that best suit your application</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Pressure Ranges</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">ASME B40.100 recommends that a gauge with a full scale pressure range of approximately twice the normal operating pressure be selected. The maximum operating pressure should not exceed 75% of the full-scale range. Failure to select a gauge within these criteria may ultimately result in fatigue failure of the pressure sensor inside the gauge e.g Bourdon Tube</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Pressure Sensor Elements</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">The pressure sensor elements in gauges are available in a wide variety of materials, including: brass, phosphor bronze, alloy steel, 316 stainless steel, Monel and Inconel. The selection of the right pressure sensor for the gauge is determined by the process fluid. It is recommended that a sensor element compatible with the process fluid be selected otherwise the use of diaphragm seals is inevitable.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Type of Display</b><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">Pressure gauges are designed with analog or digital displays. Although the analog pressure gauges are the most popular, the trend in certain applications is moving towards digital displays. The type of application will determine whether an analog or digital display pressure gauge is required. Consult ASME 40.1 and 40.7 for a detailed guide on the use of both analog dial type and digital pressure gauges</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;">The factors discussed above are the main points you need to consider before deciding to specify and select a pressure gauge. Please consult the manufacturer of your gauge for a detailed guide. Before consulting your manufacturer, you might want to go through ASME B 40 for a detailed guideline on pressure gauge specification and selection as this will help you with the selection process with your manufacturer or vendor.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 16.666667938232422px;"><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/field-instrumentaion/358-how-select-pressure-gauge.html" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/field-instrumentaion/358-how-select-pressure-gauge.html</a></span></div>

How to Select a Pressure Gauge

Mechanical pressure gauges, which require no external power, provide an affordable and reliable source of accurate pressure measurement. Th...

CONTROL VALVE GENERAL CATAGORIES

CONTROL VALVE GENERAL CATAGORIES

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CONTROL VALVE CHARACTERISTICS

CONTROL VALVE CHARACTERISTICS

The relationship between the control valve opening (also known as ‘valve travel’) and the flow through valve is known as the flow characte...

Control Valves

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">Control valves are elements used in process control loops to adjust process variables such as flow, liquid levels, pressure, temperature etc. Control valves essentially consist of a valve and an actuator, more valve control elements may also be present in certain cases. These valves achieve the desired controlling effect essentially by throttling the flow.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><br /></span></div>

Control Valves

Control valves are elements used in process control loops to adjust process variables such as flow, liquid levels, pressure, temperature et...

Instrument Signal P&ID symbols

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><b>P&ID symbols (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram symbols) for instrument signals.</b></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;">These symbols are used to identify how the instruments in the process connect to each other. And what type of signal is being used. (electric, data, ect). </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px;"><i>Note that they may differ slightly from one project to another.</i></span><br />
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<table style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 465px;"><tbody style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Process Connection</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Electric signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Capillary connection</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/capillary-connection-PID-symbol.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><br />
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<a href="http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/capillary-connection-PID-symbol.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixwBTkGqZ4KqSOhHPzRdBG62rjY7DkmJJQpyw4i0_-LRlI9drlWXX_qsJrLMv0gzN_2Ok1VkhkBDgSFV2lC7Pu-BF7ucnrdudcUXPSj7zDLDH7YVFG8TLaaRFndFhuXBi1QwUbI9gRFE/s1600/capillary-connection-PID-symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjixwBTkGqZ4KqSOhHPzRdBG62rjY7DkmJJQpyw4i0_-LRlI9drlWXX_qsJrLMv0gzN_2Ok1VkhkBDgSFV2lC7Pu-BF7ucnrdudcUXPSj7zDLDH7YVFG8TLaaRFndFhuXBi1QwUbI9gRFE/s1600/capillary-connection-PID-symbol.jpg" /></a></div>
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Software signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Mechanical link</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Hydraulic signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Pneumatic signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/pneumatic-signal-PID-symbol.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><br />
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Electric binary signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/electric-binary-signal-PID-symbol.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><br />
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<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;">Pneumatic binary signal</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 1px solid rgb(241, 241, 241); margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 2px; vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://www.enggcyclopedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/pneumatic-binary-signal-PID-symbol.jpg" style="background-color: transparent; color: #333333; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></a><br />
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Instrument Signal P&ID symbols

P&ID symbols (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram symbols) for instrument signals. These symbols are used to identify how the instrum...

Typical P&ID arrangement - Control Valves

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5fzighbma3qS3_augMzq18LWEyLI3pkeiA5I7WCU3fHzqWdyRwE0exm4Av0QDrqj2N9JaScvJkA_3vyT0vtQDXEddiQP5y9Hewr8gqY6YAJFuLO-hPeVMYBguQgoQR6bskCFTdyCe49g/s1600/PID-typical-arrangement-for-control-valves.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5fzighbma3qS3_augMzq18LWEyLI3pkeiA5I7WCU3fHzqWdyRwE0exm4Av0QDrqj2N9JaScvJkA_3vyT0vtQDXEddiQP5y9Hewr8gqY6YAJFuLO-hPeVMYBguQgoQR6bskCFTdyCe49g/s320/PID-typical-arrangement-for-control-valves.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The sample drawing presented here represents a typical arrangement generally used to represent control valves on P&ID. Depending on the projects legend sheets, control valves may be represented by globe or gate valves. Here a globe valve symbol is used. First of all a proper valve symbol should be selected to represent the control valve as per the project standards.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Generally, the control valve size is smaller than the corresponding line size. This change in diameter should be clearly indicated in the P&ID with reducer and expander.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Block valves should be provided upstream and downstream of the control valves in case of shutdown and maintenance.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A drain valve is normally provided between the control valve and upstream block valve. If the control valve is of ‘Fail Open’ type, this drain valve is sufficient to drain the piping segment. If the control valve is of ‘Fail Close’ or ‘Fail in Position’ type, then additional drain valve is required between the control valve and downstream block valve as shown in the sample drawing.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Normally, either a bypass or a handwheel is provided for control valves which are under continuous service. If two or more control valves are installed in parallel, bypass or handwheel is not required.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The choice between providing either a bypass or a handwheel for the control valve is made based on the size of the control valve. For control valves bigger than a certain size, provision of handwheel is preferred. For control valves smaller than certain size, provision of bypass with block valves is preferred. For control valves on certain critical services, a spare control valve may be installed on the bypass of main control valve. This limiting control valve size between handwheel and bypass is specific for a project and may vary from one project to another.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If the control valve is equipped with a handwheel, then only the drain between control valve and upstream block valve is sufficient for draining by opening the control valve using handwheel.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Normally globe valve is selected as the bypass valve on the control valve as it allows better control with opening.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Additional details such as failure position, tightness class, # rating etc. are also indicated on the P&ID for control valves, as per the project standards.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">All the guidelines given here are very general and may be modified as per specific requirements of any particular project.</li>
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Typical P&ID arrangement - Control Valves

The sample drawing presented here represents a typical arrangement generally used to represent control valves on P&ID. Dependin...

Typical P&ID arrangement - Pressure Safety Valves

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<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The sample drawing presented here represents a typical arrangement generally used to represent safety valves or relief valves on P&ID. First of all a proper safety valve symbol should be selected to represent the control valve as per the project standards.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For protecting equipments that are not spared and equipments that cannot be isolated without disrupting the plant / unit a spare safety valve is recommended to be provided as shown in the sample drawing.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Generally, the safety valve inlet / outlet nozzles are smaller than the corresponding line sizes. This change in diameter should be clearly indicated in the P&ID with reducer and expander.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Block valves should be provided upstream and downstream of the safety valves in case of shutdown and maintenance. Normally provision is made to keep these valves locked or sealed open. The spare safety valve is kept locked or sealed closed, as indicated in the sample drawing.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A vent valve is normally provided between the safety valve and upstream block valve.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Normally, bypass should provided for safety valves for process or start-up requirements. Type, number and size of bypass valves will depend on the project standards.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Depending on the service handled, the discharge from PSV can be either routed to flare system for hydrocarbon service, for closed/open drain systems or to atmosphere at a safe location for non-hazardous service.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The inlet lines to the safety valves are always sloped toward to protected equipment and the outlet lines from the safety valves are always sloped towards the flare header / the knock out drum or the safe location.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">When a PSV is connected to the flare system, the inlet line piping should be equipped with a spool piece to facilitate dismantling, as indicated in the sample drawing. For PSVs discharging to atmosphere, this is not required.</li>
<li style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: arial, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 20px; list-style-type: decimal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">All the guidelines given here are very general and may be modified as per specific requirements of any particular project.</li>
</div>

Typical P&ID arrangement - Pressure Safety Valves

The sample drawing presented here represents a typical arrangement generally used to represent safety valves or relief valves on ...

Safety Valves P&ID Symbols

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Safety Valves P&ID Symbols per ISA-5.1-2009</h2>
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<img alt="Name:  Pressure relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.0 KB" border="0" class="align_left" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/373d1371283591-safety-valves-p-id-symbols-pressure-relief-valve.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" title="Name:  Pressure relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.0 KB" /></div>
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• Generic pressure safety valve.<br />
• Pressure relief valve.<br />
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<img alt="Name:  Vacuum relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.0 KB" border="0" class="align_left" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/374d1371283592-safety-valves-p-id-symbols-vacuum-relief-valve.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" title="Name:  Vacuum relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.0 KB" /></div>
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• Generic vacuum safety valve.<br />
• Vacuum relief valve.<br />
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<img alt="Name:  Tank pressure - vacuum relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.8 KB" border="0" class="align_left" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/375d1371283593-safety-valves-p-id-symbols-tank-pressure-vacuum-relief-valve.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" title="Name:  Tank pressure - vacuum relief valve.jpg Views: 1 Size:  3.8 KB" /></div>
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• Generic pressure - vacuum relief valve.<br />
• Tank pressure - vacuum relief valve.<br />
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<img alt="Name:  Pressure rupture disk.jpg Views: 1 Size:  2.7 KB" border="0" class="align_left" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/376d1371283594-safety-valves-p-id-symbols-pressure-rupture-disk.jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" title="Name:  Pressure rupture disk.jpg Views: 1 Size:  2.7 KB" /></div>
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• Pressure safety element.<br />
• Pressure rupture disk.<br />
• Pressure relief.<br />
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<img alt="Name:  Vacuum rupture disk..jpg Views: 1 Size:  2.8 KB" border="0" class="align_left" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/377d1371283595-safety-valves-p-id-symbols-vacuum-rupture-disk..jpg" style="border: 0px; float: left; max-width: 100%; overflow: hidden;" title="Name:  Vacuum rupture disk..jpg Views: 1 Size:  2.8 KB" /></div>
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• Pressure safety element.<br />
• Vacuum rupture disk.<br />
• Vacuum relief.</blockquote>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-basics/606-safety-valves-p-id-symbols.html#ixzz2WGsm8Vp4" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-basics/606-safety-valves-p-id-symbols.html</a></span></div>

Safety Valves P&ID Symbols

Safety Valves P&ID Symbols per ISA-5.1-2009 • Generic pressure safety valve. • Pressure relief valve. • Gene...

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Process Flow Diagram (PFD) is a drawing which essentially captures the process flow for a processing plant. PFD is used to capture the mai...

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram – P&ID

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram – P&ID

Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is a drawing elaborating the details of piping and instrumentation of a processing plant, de...

Gmail, Drive and Google+ Photos will get 30GB of unified storage

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Google apps team announced that Gmail and Drive both storage will be unified.<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16px;"><strong>Hello Google Apps administrator,</strong></span><br />
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Here's important news: Google storage quota is being unified across Gmail and Drive.<br />
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Beginning May 28th, 2013, Google will change to a new, simpler allowance for storage—one that's combined across Gmail and Drive. We're replacing the current, separate storage allowances—25GB for Gmail and 5GB for Drive—with a single 30GB quota that will cover Gmail, Drive and Google+ Photos.<br />
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Should users need more than the 30GB quota, they can purchase additional Drive storage using the <a href="http://www.google.com/appserve/mkt/7LMJkq7whPbnrmebziua98" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">existing ordering points</a>, and the higher allowance will continue to be spread across all of these services.<br />
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This update is expected to roll out to Rapid Release domains beginning May 28th, 2013, and to Scheduled Release domains starting <span class="aBn" data-term="goog_347694141" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: dashed; border-bottom-width: 1px; position: relative; top: -2px; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><span class="aQJ" style="position: relative; top: 2px; z-index: -1;">June 11th, 2013</span></span>.<br />
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<strong>Here's how the change will affect your users:</strong></div>
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Each user will have a total of 30GB of included storage that can be used across Gmail, Drive and Google+ Photos.</div>
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Users who needed extra storage under the old plans may no longer require it. For example, a Gmail user with just 3GB of email stored will be able to store up to 27GB of files in Drive without a need to license additional storage.</div>
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Gmail inboxes are no longer limited to 25GB. Each user can store up to 16TB of email by purchasing additional storage licenses.</div>
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As before, when users approach their storage quota, additional storage should be purchased to continue using Drive and Gmail normally.</div>
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Also as before, files created in Docs, Sheets and Slides, as well as photos in Google+ smaller than 2048px, won't count against storage quota.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #434343; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;">For more information, please take a look at the </span><a href="https://www.google.com/appserve/mkt/doc/46tjRzbZtkNh0C6XP66xd6" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;" target="_blank">FAQ</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #434343; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;"> and </span><a href="http://www.google.com/appserve/mkt/3uMsGYDLN6cVninSLsbZ8Z" style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;" target="_blank">Help Center</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #434343; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;">. And feel free to contact Google Apps support if you have any questions or need further assistance (you can find contact information on the Support tab in your Admin console). </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #434343; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;">Thank you,</span><br />
<strong style="background-color: white; color: #434343; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 21px;">The Google Apps Team</strong></div>

Gmail, Drive and Google+ Photos will get 30GB of unified storage

Google apps team announced that Gmail and Drive both storage will be unified. Hello Google Apps administrator, Here's important n...

Instrument air compressor control scheme

<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">Instrument air compressor type that usually used in offshore application is a screw rotary type. This type is used due to its large flow capacity and relatively low discharge pressure but still more than enough to supply instrument equipment or any other utilities needed. Since the instrument air compressor didn’t constantly supply a certain flow, thus it need some control scheme in order to operate the instrument air compressor efficiently. There are on-off or start/stop control, load/unload control, and also variable speed control.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><b>On-Off or Start/Stop Control</b></span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">This is the basic instrument air compressor control. This control scheme is just simply turn off the compressor when the pressure in the instrument air network reach certain high level and turn on when the pressure go down below the set pressure. This control scheme is effectively used when the continuous demand of the compressed air is less than 50% of the compressor capacity. This type of control scheme usually also limited to a small compressor size only (below 10Hp). </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">The disadvantage of this control scheme is that too frequent start/stop cycle will make a bearing part worn down.</span><br />
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<a class="highslide" href="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/313d1365420689-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-off-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="color: #417394; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/313d1365420689-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-off-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); cursor: url(http://www.instreng.com/highslide/graphics/zoomin.cur), pointer !important; max-width: 800px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><b>Load/Unload Control</b></span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">This load/unload control scheme is utilizing a load/unload valve. When the pressure in the instrument air network reach a high set pressure, the load/unload valve will close but there are still certain small intake volume goes through the flow restriction. At the same time, the discharge of the compressor bleeds out to the atmosphere through a vent valve. In this way, the compressor will operate on atmospheric pressure only and reduce the power consumption. This control scheme is also completed with a timer so that after several minutes the compressor was unloading, the motor with also shutting down by the controller. This is the most use control scheme for a large number of instrument air users in the instrument air network. By applying this control scheme, instead of having a frequent start/stop it will have an unload condition for certain time (can 30 minutes or more). If after certain time it still unloads, then it will surely off the motor.</span><br />
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<a class="highslide" href="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/314d1365420779-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-load-unload-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="color: #417394; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/314d1365420779-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-load-unload-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); cursor: url(http://www.instreng.com/highslide/graphics/zoomin.cur), pointer !important; max-width: 800px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><b>Variable Speed Control</b></span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">This variable speed control scheme is utilizing a variable frequency drive as a motor controller. When the load in the instrument air network is low, then the pressure transmitter will indicate this and send a process variable to the Variable Frequency Drive (VFD). This VFD will adjust the motor speed to adjust the compressor compression speed. Thus the compressor capacity will go down following the low demand on the instrument air network. When the load is high, the pressure in the instrument air network will be down and the pressure transmitter will send this signal to the VFD. Once again the VFD will adjust the motor speed so that the compressor capacity is increasing. This control scheme is the most precise control of the compressor but having an initial high installation cost.</span><br />
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<a class="highslide" href="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/315d1365420859-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-vfd-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="color: #417394; outline: none; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.instreng.com/attachments/instrumentation-basics/315d1365420859-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme-vfd-instrument-air-compressor.jpg" style="border: 0px solid rgb(0, 0, 0); cursor: url(http://www.instreng.com/highslide/graphics/zoomin.cur), pointer !important; max-width: 800px;" /></a></div>
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<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><b>Which control scheme we must use?</b></span><br />
<br style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;" />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;">As a default, for a large Central Processing Platform or a Refinery Plant application, the load/unload control scheme can be selected as preliminary control scheme. The on-off control scheme can be selected for a small use only while the variable speed control scheme can be selected after some cost comparison calculation with the load/unload control scheme.</span><span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-basics/555-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme.html" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-basics/555-instrument-air-compressor-control-scheme.html</a></span>

Instrument air compressor control scheme

Instrument air compressor type that usually used in offshore application is a screw rotary type. This type is used due to its large flow cap...

Interchangeable valve body & bonnet materials

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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A105 / A216 WCB / AISI 4140</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A105N<br />
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A216 WCC</div>
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A352 LCC / LCB</div>
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A350 LF2</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Forged Carbon Steel<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Cast Carbon Steel</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Low Temperature CS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Low Temperature CS</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">13% Chrome Stainless</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">AISI 410 SS<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F6 / F6NM</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A351 CF8M</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Type 316 SS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
17-4 PH</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F51</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
UNS S31803</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">13% Chrome<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
13% Chrome</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Austenitic Castings</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F316 / 316L</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
High strength grade</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Type 316 SS</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">A351 CF8M<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Type 316 SS</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F51</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
UNS S31803</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Austenitic Castings<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
A182 F316 / 316L</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Duplex Stainless</div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Bronze</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Aluminium Bronze<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Nickel Aluminium Bronze</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Monel</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Nickel Aluminium Bronze</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Monel</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">Duplex SS</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197">ASTM A182 Gr F51 (UNS S31803)<br />
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
ASTM A890 J92205</div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="197"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/438-interchangeable-valve-body-bonnet-materials.html" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;">http://www.instreng.com/instrumentation-selection-calculations/438-interchangeable-valve-body-bonnet-materials.html</a></span><br />
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Interchangeable valve body & bonnet materials

Specified Material Alternative Material Notes A105 / A216 WCB / AISI 4140 A105N A216 WCC A352 LCC / LCB A350 LF2 Forged Carbon St...