InstrEng Instrumentation Engineering

Control Valve Trim Type

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Droid Sans', Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13.333333969116211px; line-height: 21.666667938232422px;">As per ISA S-7505 trim is defined as the internal parts of a valve which are in flowing contact with the controlled fluid. Usually it contains a plug, seat, & stem. The body & bonnet of a valve isn’t considered as part of the trim. Valve trim could be in the several types. The classification by valve manufacturer can be as per seat material used, trim function, and guided used.</span><br />
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As per seat material used:</h3>
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1. Soft seated trim valve.</h4>
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Soft seated valve is a Globe valve trim with an elastomeric, plastic or other readily deformable material used either in the valve plug or seat ring to provide tight shutoff with minimal actuator forces. (ISA S-7505)<br />
Soft seated trim use non metallic material such as PTFE, Graphite etc. We can use soft seated trim if the valve will not service a flashing, cavitating, or other slurry services.</div>
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2. Metal seated trim material.</h4>
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Metal seated trim valve is a valve which uses a metal as a seat material such as 316 SS, Monel, etc. Best used for the severe service, flashing, cavitating, and slurry services.</div>
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As per trim function:</h3>
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1. Standard trim.</h4>
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Globe valve trim that designed for general service fluid without flashing, cavitating, or other slurry services. Usually comes in form of contoured plug.</div>
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<a class="socialGalleryItem" href="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Standard-Trim-Contoured-Plug.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; border: 0px none; color: #444444; list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; width: auto;"><img alt="standard trim" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-23" height="336" src="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Standard-Trim-Contoured-Plug.jpg" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="402" /></a></div>
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2. Anti cavitation trim.</h4>
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Globe valve trim that designed for fluid that have cavitation behavior. This special designed trim usually comes in form of cage guided or multistage plug.</div>
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<a class="socialGalleryItem" href="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Anti-Cavitation-Trim.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; border: 0px none; color: #444444; list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; width: auto;"><img alt="Anti Cavitation Trim" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-25" height="258" src="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Anti-Cavitation-Trim.jpg" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></a></div>
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3. Anti noise trim.</h4>
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Globe valve trim that designed for fluid that have high noise radiated because of high power of fluid flow. Usually this trim design comes in form of multistage, cage guided or labyrinth type.</div>
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<a class="socialGalleryItem" href="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Low-Noise-Trim.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; border: 0px none; color: #444444; list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; width: auto;"><img alt="low noise trim" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-26" height="336" src="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Low-Noise-Trim.jpg" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="419" /></a></div>
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As per guide type:</h3>
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Post guided</h4>
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In the post guided trim type, the plug is guided by a bushing in the stem or part of the plug. This post guided valve usually used in the general service fluid that doesn’t exhibit cavitation, flashing, or high noise behavior.</div>
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<a class="socialGalleryItem" href="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Post-Guided-Trim.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; border: 0px none; color: #444444; list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; width: auto;"><img alt="post guided trim" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-27" height="269" src="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Post-Guided-Trim.jpg" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="448" /></a></div>
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Cage guided</h4>
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In the cage guided trim type, the plug is guided by a cage surrounding the plug. This cage guided valve usually used in the fluid service that have cavitation, high noise or flashing effect.</div>
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<a class="socialGalleryItem" href="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Cage-Guided-Trim.jpg" style="-webkit-transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; border: 0px none; color: #444444; list-style: none; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; width: auto;"><img alt="Cage-Guided-Trim" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-28" height="336" src="http://www.instreng.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Cage-Guided-Trim.jpg" style="border: 0px none; height: auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" width="340" /></a></div>
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Generally, the trim material of a valve shall refer to any specific project piping class or control valve specification required by client. In the data sheet, we could specify the trim type as metal seated-standard trim-post guided, metal seated-anti cavitation-cage guided trim etc.</div>
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<sub class="article_promoted_text" style="vertical-align: baseline;">This article was originally published in forum thread: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/control-valve-trim-type/" style="color: #417394; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">Control Valve Trim Type</a> started by <a href="http://www.instreng.com/forums/members/instreng.6/" style="color: #417394; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">instreng</a> </sub><sub class="article_promoted_text" style="vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://www.instreng.com/control-valve-trim-type/" style="color: #417394; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">View original post</a></sub></div>
<span style="font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 15px;"><br /><br />Read more: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/control-valve-trim-type/" style="color: #003399; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://www.instreng.com/control-valve-trim-type/</a></span><br />
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Control Valve Trim Type

As per ISA S-7505 trim is defined as the internal parts of a valve which are in flowing contact with the controlled fluid. Usually it conta...

Armor of Instrumentation Cables

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">Armor in the cable construction is used as physical or mechanical protection so that the cable wouldn’t damage from harsh mechanical impact. The choices of armor are Steel Wire Armored (SWA), Steel Wire Braid (SWB), and Steel Tape Armored (STA). The armor of the cable shall be galvanized (zinc-coated) to prevent the rust. The armor will be Galvanized Steel Wire Armored (GSWA), Galvanized Steel Wire Braid (GSWB), and Galvanized Steel Tape Armored (GSTA).</span><br />
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Instrumentation cables as per IEC 60092-350 shall use the GSWB type while the other two (GSWA & GSTA) are used for power cable. GSWB are more preferred for instrumentation cable because it’s more flexible than the others. Flexibility of instrumentation cable is needed to reach every single instrument in all area, events in the tight place. However, the type of armor that shall use in the particular project shall follow the client preference as per their experience.</div>
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There is also copper armor as optional choice. But since typical instrument cable have been equipped with the electrostatic screen that have copper drain wire, the utilizing of copper armor is not necessary (since copper armor may also used as electrostatic screen at the same time). Beside that, the steel wire armor have higher tensile strength rather than copper armor, therefore steel wire is more preferred to give the mechanical protection to cable.<br />
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<span style="background-color: #f6f8f9; color: #545454; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.639999389648438px; text-align: start;">Read More at: </span><a href="http://www.instreng.com/armor-of-instrumentation-cables/" style="background-color: #f6f8f9; color: #666666; font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16.639999389648438px; text-align: start; text-decoration: none;">Armor of Instrumentation Cables | InstrEng</a></div>
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Armor of Instrumentation Cables

Armor in the cable construction is used as physical or mechanical protection so that the cable wouldn’t damage from harsh mechanical impact...

Typical Calibration Procedure of Differential Pressure Transmitter

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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Set up the differential pressure transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, hand pump, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup file).</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Make sure the equalizing valve manifold is closed.<span id="more-718"></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Apply a pressure to the transmitter equal to a lower range pressure (usually it correspond to 4 mA in the transmitter output). For example we have 0 to 100 mBar calibrated range, then the lower range pressure is 0, or let’s say we have -2 psig to 5 psig then we have lower range pressure equal to -2 psig.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the pressure in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on LCD) is the same with the applied pressure.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Apply a pressure to the transmitter equal to an upper range pressure (usually it correspond to 20 mA in the transmitter output).</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the pressure in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on LCD) is the same with the applied pressure.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</li>
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Typical tools required:</div>
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<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">24 VDC power supply</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Multimeter digital</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Pneumatic hand pump (up to 600 psig)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Hydraulic hand pump (up to 10.000 psig)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Low pressure hand pump</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">High precision digital test gauge</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">HART communicator</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Screwdriver toolkit</li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
 Note: point number 1, 2, 7, and 6 of the typical tools above can be replaced by a single multitester available in the market.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rLUlpQ1htVlRlZms" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">DP Transmitter Calibration Setup</a></div>
</div>

Typical Calibration Procedure of Differential Pressure Transmitter

Set up the differential pressure transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, hand pump, and the multimeter as below (see below calibr...

Typical Calibration Procedure of Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter

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<ol style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Set up the guided wave radar level transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup file).</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Check the configuration of the lower range value (0% level, 4 mA) and high range value (100% level, 20 mA). Make sure that the inputted data is as per datasheet. For example, the lower range value is 10 inch and the high range value is 35 inch (both of it are measured from the bottom of level transmitter probe)<span id="more-759"></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the 0% level. Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 0% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the 100% level. Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 100% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Typical tools required:</div>
<ol style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px 0px 10px;">
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">24 VDC power supply</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Multimeter digital</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Water Supply Connection</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">HART communicator</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Screwdriver set</li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Wrench set</li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
Note: point number 1, 2, and 4 of the typical tools above can be replaced by a single multitester available in the market.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
This typical maintenance procedure is just an illustration of how to regularly service a guided wave radar level transmitter for academic purpose only. This typical procedure shall not be used as day to day operation guidance. The vendor specific maintenance manual shall be used in detail.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px;">
<a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rUzRBRnlXaTB6aTg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">GWR Calibration Setup</a></div>

Typical Calibration Procedure of Guided Wave Radar Level Transmitter

Set up the guided wave radar level transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup...

Typical Calibration Procedure of Displacer (Buoyancy) Level Transmitter

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<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Operating Principle</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">The displacer level transmitter (or any other buoyancy level transmitter) uses the effect of buoyancy. When the displacer is immersed in the process fluid, this buoyancy effect will make the displacer lighter than the non immersed displacer. This change of displacer weight is then detected by the sensor (whether use torque tube or LVDT) and then translated as a fluid level.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rUm9RNXcwZ3dXRzA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Displacer Level Transmitter Operating Principle</a></span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Before we calibrate the displacer level transmitter, we must aware that the transmitter has been set at factory as per process fluid Specific Gravity (SG), while we will use water as the calibration fluid. When the displacer is operated by using actual process fluid, it will show 4 mA at low level (the displacer is not immersed) and 20 mA at high level (the displacer is fully immersed). Thus before we calibrate the transmitter, we need to calculate the equivalence of this buoyancy effect if we use water as the test fluid instead of using actual process fluid (which is in practice are very difficult to get).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Non-Interface Displacer Level Transmitter Calibration Procedure</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">1. Calculate the equivalence water level</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Zero level = displacer not immersed (no need certain adjustment)</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Calculate the high level using this equation:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">(Process Fluid Operating SG / Water SG)*Transmitter Level Range</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">2. Set up the Displacer Level Transmitter to column or temporary support as shown in the calibration setup file below.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">3. Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the centre of the lower part flange of the LIT cage as a zero level.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">4. By using handheld HART communicator set this level as zero level (see also in the LCD display of the transmitter, it should show zero level).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">5. Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">6. Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the calculated equivalence high level above.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">7. By using handheld HART communicator set this level as high level (see also in the LCD display of the transmitter, it should show high level).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">8. Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Interface Displacer Level Transmitter Calibration Procedure</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">1. Calculate the equivalence water level</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Calculate zero level using this equation:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">(Lighter Process Fluid Operating SG / Water SG)*Transmitter Level Range</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Calculate the high level using this equation:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">(Heavier Process Fluid Operating SG / Water SG)*Transmitter Level Range</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">2. Set up the Displacer Level Transmitter to column or temporary support as shown in the calibration setup file below.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">3. Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the calculated equivalence zero level above.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">4. By using handheld HART communicator set this level as zero level (see also in the LCD display of the transmitter, it should show zero level).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">5. Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">6. Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the calculated equivalence high level above.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">7. By using handheld HART communicator set this level as high level (see also in the LCD display of the transmitter, it should show high level).</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">8. Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Example of equivalence water level calculation:</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Level Transmitter Level Range = 38 inch</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Water SG = 1</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Process Fluid SG = 0.84</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Equivalence high level using water = (0.84/1)*38 = 31.92 inch</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">It means the displacer should show 20 mA while we fill the chamber up to 31.92 inch with water fluid as test fluid.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Interface Application</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Level Transmitter Level Range = 38 inch</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Water SG = 1</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Lighter Process Fluid SG = 0.695</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Heavier Process Fluid SG = 0.994</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Equivalence zero level using water = (0.695/1)*38 = 26.41 inch</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">It means the displacer should show 4 mA while we fill the chamber up to 26.41 inch with water fluid as test fluid.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Equivalence high level using water = (0.994/1)*38 = 37.772 inch</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">It means the displacer should show 20 mA while we fill the chamber up to 37.772 inch with water fluid as test fluid.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Typical tools required:</span></span><br />
<ol class="decimal" style="color: #222222; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li>24 VDC power supply</li>
<li>Multimeter digital</li>
<li>Water Supply Connection</li>
<li>HART communicator</li>
<li>Screwdriver set</li>
<li>Wrench set</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;">Note: This typical maintenance procedure is just an illustration of how to regularly service a displacer level transmitter for academic purpose only. This typical procedure shall not be used as day to day operation guidance. The vendor specific maintenance manual shall be used in detail.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="color: #323232; font-family: Tahoma, Calibri, Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rUzRBRnlXaTB6aTg" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Typical Displacer Level Transmitter Calibration Setup</a></span></span></div>

Typical Calibration Procedure of Displacer (Buoyancy) Level Transmitter

Operating Principle The displacer level transmitter (or any other buoyancy level transmitter) uses the effect of buoyancy. When the displ...

Typical Calibration Procedure of Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter

<span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Before we calibrate the magnetostrictive level transmitter, we must aware that the float has been produced at factory as per process fluid Specific Gravity (SG), while we will use water as the calibration fluid. When the magnetostrictive is operated by using actual process fluid, let say it will show the fluid level on 50% float immersion. If we use other fluid (typically water for calibration purpose) the float immersion might be less than 50% or more than 50%, depends on the float designation. Thus by using water as calibration fluid, there will be some ‘offset’.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">The offset problem as explained above can be solved if the magnetostrictive level transmitter is mounted on the magnetic level gauge that has an analogue level indicator. By using the analogue level indicator, we just need to fill the water until the shuttle or flag indicator in the magnetic level gauge reach the 0% or 100% level without further inspection whether the float and liquid level reach the same level. This is possible because the magnetostrictive level transmitter is detecting the position of the magnet it self rather than the float immersion on the fluid. If the magnetostrictive doesn’t have any local analogue indicator (magnetic shuttle or flag), we need to disassembly the level transmitter and manually move the float to 0% and 100% level position. Therefore there are two types of calibration methods, one is using local gauge (magnetostrictive is mounted on magnetic level gauge) and the other one is manually moving the float (direct insertion type). The water will be used as calibration fluid due to difficulty to use the actual process fluid as calibration fluid.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter Mounted on Magnetic Level Gauge</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br />
<ol class="decimal" style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Set up the magnetostrictive level transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup file). Attach it to column or temporary support.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Check the configuration of the lower range value (0% level, 4 mA) and high range value (100% level, 20 mA). Make sure that the inputted data is as per datasheet. For example, the lower range value is 10 inch and the high range value is 35 inch (both of it are measured from the bottom of level transmitter probe)</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the 0% level (as indicated by magnetic shuttle or magnetic flag). Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 0% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the 100% level (as indicated by magnetic shuttle or magnetic flag). Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 100% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</li>
</ol>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter Direct Mount Type</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><ol class="decimal" style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Set up the magnetostrictive level transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup file). Attach it to column or temporary support.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Check the configuration of the lower range value (0% level, 4 mA) and high range value (100% level, 20 mA). Make sure that the inputted data is as per datasheet. For example, the lower range value is 10 inch and the high range value is 35 inch (both of it are measured from the bottom of level transmitter probe)</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Manually move the float to the 0% level. Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 0% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Manually move the float to the 100% level. Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 100% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</li>
</ol>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Alternate Calibration Procedure for Direct Mount Type (on chamber only without local indicator)</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><ol class="decimal" style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Get float projection calculation from the Vendor. Get this float projection for two values, one for operating specific gravity and one for water as calibration fluid. This float projection calculation will tell to us how deep the float will be immersed in the operating fluid and in the water.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Calculate the equivalence of water level (for lower range value and high range value) to the operating fluid level by using that float projection data. If the float immersion level by using water as calibration fluid is less than the immersion level by using the operating fluid, then subtract the 0% lower range value and 100% high range value by the difference between that two float projection. If the float immersion level by using water as calibration fluid is more than the immersion level by using the operating fluid, then add the 0% lower range value and 100% high range value by the difference between that two float projection. Example, float projection of the operating fluid is 5”, by using water is 4.5”. The lower range value set in the transmitter is 6” from the bottom of probe. Then water level that we must apply to the level transmitter chamber shall equal to 6 inch – (5 inch – 4.5 inch) = 5.5 inch. When the water level reaches this 5.5 inch, the transmitter should show 0% level.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Set up the magnetostrictive level transmitter, HART communicator, power supply, and the multimeter as below (see below calibration setup file). Attach it to column or temporary support.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Check the configuration of the lower range value (0% level, 4 mA) and high range value (100% level, 20 mA). Make sure that the inputted data is as per datasheet. For example, the lower range value is 10 inch and the high range value is 35 inch (both of it are measured from the bottom of level transmitter probe)</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the equivalence 0% level (as calculated above). Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 0% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 4 mA.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fill the level transmitter chamber with water up to the equivalence 100% level (as calculated above). Read the level measurement in the transmitter LCD (or in the HART communicator). Set this condition as 100% level through HART communicator.</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Read the mA output of the transmitter by using a multimeter. Adjust (if any) through the HART communicator so that the output of the transmitter (on multimeter) is 20 mA.</li>
</ol>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Typical tools required:</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><ol class="decimal" style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px 40px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">24 VDC power supply</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Multimeter digital</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Water Supply Connection</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">HART communicator</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Screwdriver set</li>
<li style="list-style: decimal outside; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Wrench set</li>
</ol>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">Note: point number 1, 2, and 4 of the typical tools above can be replaced by a single multitester available in the market.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;">This typical maintenance procedure is just an illustration of how to regularly service a magnetostrictive level transmitter for academic purpose only. This typical procedure shall not be used as day to day operation guidance. The vendor specific maintenance manual shall be used in detail.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/a/instreng.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rZFAwbFd6M21lc0E" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Magnetostrictive on Magnetic LG Calibration</a></span><br />
<a href="https://docs.google.com/a/instreng.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3rV21ydGtHaHVLS28" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Magnetostrictive Direct Insertion Type Calibration</a><br />
<a href="https://docs.google.com/a/instreng.com/open?id=0BySitRyyHp3reVRrTktVbkJheDA" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Magnetostrictive Chamber Direct Mount Calibration</a>

Typical Calibration Procedure of Magnetostrictive Level Transmitter

Before we calibrate the magnetostrictive level transmitter, we must aware that the float has been produced at factory as per process fluid S...

Spring Return (Single Acting) vs Double Acting Valve Actuators

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<span style="background-color: white; color: #323232; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 20px;">In typical application of the ball valve, control valve, and choke valve, there are two types of actuator that is used, the spring return (or single acting) actuator and the double acting actuator. The spring return actuator is the actuator that used spring force to place the valve position in close or open position. We only need to pressurize on one side only to operate the valve. The double acting actuator is the actuator that only use piston as its element to operate the valve. We need to pressurize both side of the actuator alternately to operate the valve. See below drawing that illustrates the spring return and double acting actuators. Now the question is, when we will use this spring return actuator and when we will use the double acting actuator?</span><br />
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Torque or Thrust Strength</div>
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Typically for offshore oil and gas application the thrust or torque strength of the spring return and double acting actuator isn’t a problem. Even though some actuator manufacturer usually shown that double acting actuator has higher thrust or torque strength compare with spring return actuator, the difference is only exist in the very high thrust or torque application which is normally not exist in the offshore application. Thus, we can say that both of it is having an equal strength of thrust or torque.</div>
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Safety Integrated System Application</div>
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In most of safety system application such as shutdown valve (SDV), blow down valve (BDV), etc, that require the valve to become in close position or in open position when the signal or the supply is lost, then the spring return is the choice. The spring return type is the best choice for safety application due to its simplicity and reliability. Actually the double acting actuators is also possible for the fail close or fail open application, but the local panel arrangement will be more complex compare with the spring return type.</div>
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Fail in Last Position</div>
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There are some applications that require the valve to become in last position when the signal or the supply is lost such as production choke valve. The choke valve typical fail position is fail last position to keep the last production rate. In the case fail last position is required, then the best choice is double acting actuator. The valve is kept in last position by pressurize both side of the actuator thus it will kept the valve in its last position.</div>
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Control Application</div>
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In the process control application that use control valve as its final control element, the typical actuator is diaphragm spring return diaphragm for the small valve up to 8 inch. While when it is 10 inch and above the actuator is double acting type to overcome the required high thrust. The double acting actuator is also used when the application is very high application to overcome the required high thrust even though the size is smaller than 10 inch. This double acting actuator is more stiff and stable for control application especially for application that has a sudden change in process condition. While when we use the diaphragm spring return type, the thrust on the other side is always the same by the spring. While when we use the double acting actuator, the other side forces will be managed by the positioner pressure output as per actual conditions.</div>
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Here is the summary of the spring return (single acting) vs. the double acting valve actuators selection:</div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Application</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Spring Return</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Double Acting</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Torque or Thrust</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Low to High</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Low to Very High</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Safety Integrated   System(SDV, BDV)</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Simple, Reliable,   Best Choices</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">A little bit   complex, Secondary Choices</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Fail in Last   Position(Choke Valve)</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">More expensive,   secondary choices</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Best choices</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Control application(Control Valve,   Choke Valve)</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Best for 8 inch size   and below</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="top" width="205">Best for 10 inch   size and above, also for high pressure applications.</td></tr>
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Source: <a href="http://www.instreng.com/single-acting-vs-double-acting-actuator/" style="line-height: 25px;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Spring Return (Single Acting) vs Double Acting Actuators</span></a><br />
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Spring Return (Single Acting) vs Double Acting Valve Actuators

In typical application of the ball valve, control valve, and choke valve, there are two types of actuator that is used, the spring return (...